How Does The Piston Vacuum Pump Work?

The piston vacuum pump is a type of vacuum pump that operates by using a piston mechanism to change the volume of the suction chamber, which results in gas extraction. While the gas extraction principle of the piston vacuum pump is similar to that of the rotary vane pump, the two pumps differ in structure. This article will explain the working principle, types, and structural details of piston vacuum pumps, as well as their practical applications in various industries.

1. Overview of Piston Vacuum Pumps

Piston vacuum pumps are categorized into two types: single-stage and two-stage pumps. They are available in both vertical and horizontal configurations. The ultimate pressure of a single-stage pump ranges from 0.4 to 1.3 Pa, while the ultimate pressure of a two-stage pump ranges from 6 × 10⁻² to 10⁻¹ Pa. Generally, large pumps with a pumping speed exceeding 150 L/s are designed as single-stage pumps. These pumps can be used independently or as a fore pump for other vacuum pumps.

2. Working Principle of Piston Vacuum Pumps

The structure of a Piston vacuum pumps are categorized into two types: single-stage and two-stage pumps. They are available in both vertical and horizontal configurations. The ultimate pressure of a single-stage pump ranges from 0.4 to 1.3 Pa, while the ultimate pressure of a two-stage pump ranges from 6 × 10⁻² to 10⁻¹ Pa. Generally, large pumps with a pumping speed exceeding 150 L/s are designed as single-stage pumps. These pumps can be used independently or as a fore pump for other vacuum pumps.

vacuum pump primarily consists of a pump body and a piston mechanism that rotates eccentrically within the body. The main components include the pump casing, piston ring, eccentric wheel,piston rod, semicircular piston guide rail, exhaust valve, and shaft. The working principle is illustrated in Figure 1 below.

2.1 Structure and Mechanism

• Pump Body: The main structure that houses the internal components.
• Piston Ring (4): Located inside the pump body, the piston ring encases the eccentric wheel.
• Eccentric Wheel (3): Positioned within the piston ring, the eccentric wheel is fixed on the shaft (2), which is aligned with the centerline of the pump body.
• Shaft (2): A central axis that supports the eccentric wheel and allows it to rotate eccentrically.
• Piston Rod (5): A rectangular rod mounted on the piston ring, capable of sliding up and down within the semicircular piston guide rail (7) and swinging left and right.
• Piston Guide Rail (7): Guides the piston rod in its movement, creating chambers A and B inside the pump body.
• Exhaust Valve: Allows the compressed gas to be discharged from the pump.

2.2 Working Cycle

During operation, the piston pump’s chamber is divided into two parts, A and B, by the piston ring and piston rod. As the pump runs, the volumes of chambers A and B periodically change. This causes the gas to be continuously drawn into the expanding suction chamber. Simultaneously, as the volume of the exhaust chamber decreases, the gas is compressed and expelled through the exhaust valve.

• Intake Phase: The gas is drawn into chamber A as its volume increases.
• Compression Phase: The gas in chamber B is compressed as its volume decreases.
• Exhaust Phase: The compressed gas is discharged through the exhaust valve, completing the cycle.

3. Two-Stage Piston Vacuum Pumps

The two-stage piston pump is essentially composed of two single-stage pumps connected in series. It has both high and low vacuum chambers integrated within the same pump body. In some designs, these chambers are directly cast as a single unit, while in others, a central partition plate is used to separate the chambers into high and low vacuum sections.

The dual-chamber configuration enables the pump to achieve higher vacuum levels, making it suitable for applications requiring deeper vacuum conditions.

4. Applications of Piston Vacuum Pumps

Piston vacuum pumps are versatile and can be used in various industrial applications, including:

• Chemical Industry: For processes that require the extraction of gas and vapors.
• Pharmaceutical Industry: Used in vacuum distillation, drying, and filtration processes.
• Metallurgy: Applied in vacuum melting and refining processes.
• Laboratory Applications: Utilized in vacuum research setups where stable and reliable vacuum conditions are necessary.
• Fore Pump for High-Vacuum Systems: Can serve as a backing pump for other types of high-vacuum pumps, such as diffusion pumps or turbomolecular pumps.

Piston vacuum pumps, or Piston vacuum pumps, provide a reliable and efficient solution for achieving various levels of vacuum in industrial processes. Their unique piston mechanism allows for efficient gas compression and expulsion, making them ideal for both standalone and fore pump applications. With their ability to handle different vacuum requirements, these pumps continue to be a valuable asset across multiple industries.

Contact us 

For more information about How Does The Piston Vacuum Pump Work?, contact Nuoxutech at contact@nuoxutech.com .You can also reach us on WhatsApp at +86 13849062209.Our team is ready to provide you with professional service and support.

Keywords: Piston vacuum pump, piston vacuum pump, nuoxutech pump,nuoxutech vacuum,piston vacuum pummp ,industrial vacuum systems, single-stage vacuum pump, two-stage vacuum pump, vacuum pump applications.